Make links only where they are relevant to the context. It is not useful and can be very distracting to mark all possible words as hyperlinks. Links should add to the user's experience; they should not detract from it by making the article harder to read. A high density of links can draw attention away from the high-value links that you would like your readers to follow up. Redundant links clutter the page and make future maintenance harder. However, ensure that the high-value links are provided.
Adjacent links. Avoid where possible (often one will "chain-link" to the other, anyway).
Be specific where possible. Link to a target page section using the pound (hash) sign where it is more focused ([[Guitar#Types]], usually piped for ease of reading thus: [[Guitar#Types|Types of guitar]]).
Piped links. Linking can be either direct ([[History of Johannesburg]]) or piped for the linguistic context ([[History of Johannesburg|Johannesburg's rich history]], displayed as Johannesburg's rich history).
Check the target. Ensure the destination is the intended article and not a disambiguation page.
Initial capitalization. The first letter should be capitalized only where this is normally called for, or when specifically referring to the linked article by name: Cane toads are poisonous, but lizards are typically not (see Venom).
Placement. Articles can include an external links section at the end to list links to websites outside Wikipedia that contain further information, as distinct from citing sources. External links are not normally used in the body of an article.
Rationing. Avoid listing an excessive number of external links; Wikipedia is not a link repository.
Formatting. The standard format is a primary heading === External links === followed by a bulleted list of links. External links should identify the link and briefly indicate its relevance to the article subject. For example:
*[http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/index.html History of NIH]
*[http://www.nih.gov/ National Institutes of Health homepage]
The first gap triggers the boundary between link and pipe, so these will appear as:
High-quality linking is a skill like writing. Skilled wikilinking is central to achieving good articles on Wikipedia. It is only over the past few years that we have begun to realise the potential for refining wikilinking—how sophisticated decision-making is required to achieve a high standard of linking: what to link, what not to link, how and when to research more focused links, and how to integrate links smoothly into the text. In this respect, linking deserves attention just as does the prose in our articles. Please keep in mind two things:
your readers rely on you to guide them towards the best links;
it is highly likely that readers click on links much less than we think they do, especially if there is dense linking.
Overlinking. Generally, there has been an increasing realisation that overlinking damages the linking system through dilution of high-value links in the vicinity, and that sprinkling low-value links through a text degrades its professional appearance and undermines readers' confidence that links will take them somewhere relevant. Thus, there is a trade-off in linking, in which increased utility needs to be balanced against the disadvantages of diluting other links in the vicinity and of crowding the text with blue. While few editors would disagree that certain items should not be linked, and certain items should be linked, there is a grey area in the middle in which the decision to link or not link is an art rather than a laid-down, universally accepted decision.
Underlinking. We believe this is less of an issue than overlinking; it is nevertheless important to provide readers with links to target articles (or article-sections) that are likely to be focused, relevant and useful. This is particularly the case in highly technical topics, and topics that naturally refer to many closely related items, such as songs, albums, bands, artists and styles in popular music articles.
Four key tests. Applying these tests will help you to make decisions about linking:
Relevance: Is the link-target sufficiently relevant and useful to link? (See WP:LINK.)
Specificity: Does the link lead to the most focused appropriate target? (Search for daughter articles and sections at the proposed target article.)
Uniqueness: Is the linked topic reachable—directly or indirectly—through another link in the vicinity? (If so, consider not linking.)
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get): Is the link-target clear and obvious to the reader?
The exercises: unfolding design. Each exercise below will present you with a portion of text in which you can improve the linking. They are designed to be done in your head, without typing. Each one unfolds in stages that you control: first, the problem text, then a hint to help you along; then a solution; and finally an explanation. The underlying syntax is provided in coloured text where necessary. Where an item has been linked or unlinked in a solution, it is underlined to show this. The examples are taken from existing Wikipedia articles, from which reference numbers have been removed to avoid clutter.
Pace yourself. Before attempting these exercises, we recommend acquaintance with WP:LINK, the style guide that contains advice about linking, internal and external. Feedback on how to improve the exercises is welcome on the talk page. You'll get the most out of the exercises by thinking carefully about each stage before clicking on the next one. These tasks are concentrated, so expect to stop when you've had enough, and plan to return to take up where you left off. "Distributed" practice (that is, spaced over time) will have a more powerful effect than attempting all of the exercises at once ("massed" practice). Monitor your performance for fatigue.
In 1979, Warhol was commissioned by BMW to paint a Group 4 Race Version of the elite supercar BMW M1 for the fourth installment in the BMW Art Car Project.
Hint
There's "chain linking" here: click on one (or two) of the links and you'll arrive at an article that in turn links to one of the others. Better to give the readers just one option, usually the narrower in scope.
A solution
In 1979, Warhol was commissioned by BMW to paint a Group 4 Race Version of the elite supercar BMW M1 for the fourth installment in the BMW Art Car Project.
Explanation
Click on either BMW M1 or BMW Art Car Project and you'll immediately find a chain link to BMW. Even if the reader chooses not to follow the second link in the chain, the two specific links provide an explanation of what BMW is: a prestige German car manufacturer.
Cook then formed Freak Power with horn player Ashley Slater and singer Jesse Graham. They released their debut album Drive thru booty in 1994, which contained the single "Turn on, tune in, cop out". The cut was picked up by the Levi's company for use in a multimillion-dollar advertising campaign. In 1996, Cook re-joined Freak Power for the second album More of everything for everybody.
Hint
This is a mixed bag: there's serious underlinking and there's irritating overlinking. You may have to type a few items into the search box to determine whether there's an article on them.
A solution
Cook then formed Freak Power with horn player Ashley Slater and singer Jesse Graham. They released their debut album Drive thru booty in 1994, which contained the single "Turn on, tune in, cop out". The cut was picked up by the Levi's company for use in a multimillion-dollar advertising campaign. In 1996, Cook re-joined Freak Power for the second album More of everything for everybody.
Explanation
So you searched for and found articles on "Freak Power", "Ashley Slater", and the song "Turn on, tune in, cop out" (great title!). These need to be linked.
Underlinking. And you searched for and did not find articles on "Jesse Graham", "Drive thru booty", and "More of everything for everybody". You can go ahead and link these items to create "red links" for them; this may encourage an editor to subsequently create real articles on those topics, but has the disadvantage of looking cruddy in the text. Certainly to be avoided near the top, or go create a stub to turn red to blue.
Overlinking. The link for "advertising" needs to be shot down on sight: your readers are expected to speak English, and the term is not technically important or that target article helpful for understanding this topic of Fatboy Slim. Shift the blue to guide your readers towards the valuable targets.
More elegant option? Just one thing I noticed by going to Levi's: the real name of the article to which this redirects is Levi Strauss & Co. so you might consider whether this is more elegant than "the Levi's company". Up to you.
The Jola are very distinct from other major ethnic groups in Senegal by their language, egalitarian society, freedom from political hierarchy, and lack of slavery.
Hint
One of these links is piped so the readers know it's a specific target; the other is not.
A solution
The Jola are very distinct from other major ethnic groups in Senegal by their language, egalitarian society, freedom from political hierarchy, and lack of slavery.
Explanation
Moving "their" into the pipe signals that the link is not just to a dictionary term, but a specific article apposite to the topic.
Link tip. Red links can turn blue (when an article is started); blue links can turn red (when a target article is deleted); the wording of target section-titles can be changed without editors' realising the effect this may have on links that are anchored to it. Link maintenance is an important part of keeping our article standards high.
Among the most valuable editorial work performed by WPians is referred to as "gnoming"—useful incremental edits behind the scenes, tying up loose ends and making articles read more smoothly. We would be delighted if more people considered doing a little link-gnoming. It can be very satisfying to choose a category of articles you like and to work through them systematically. Gnoming can involve (1) clicking on some or most of the links to check that they're optimal; (2) looking out for over- and underlinking; and (3) applying the WYSIWYG test to pipes.
Soon after, Greengages were cultivated in the [[:en:Colonial America|American colonies]], and were even grown on the plantations of [[:en:President of the United States|American presidents]] [[:en:George Washington|George Washington]] (1732–99) and [[:en:Thomas Jefferson|Thomas Jefferson]] (1743–1826). However, the [[:en:cultivation|cultivation]] of greengages in [[:en:North America|North America]] has declined significantly since the [[:en:eighteenth century|18th century]].
The issues
Overlinking: check the relevance, focus and utility of each link, the guideline on chronological items, and one or two rules at WP:LINK about the locating of links in the text.
Partial hint
Apart from overlinking, there's the "don't jam links together" rule and the "link the first occurrence" rule.
A solution
Probably none of the links is justified. Was that your conclusion?
Soon after, Greengages were cultivated in the American colonies, and were even grown on the plantations of American presidents George Washington (1732–99) and Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). However, the cultivation of greengages in North America has declined significantly since the 18th century.
Explanations
*"Cultivated/ation" is a common word, and should not be linked. If it were going to be linked, the first rather than the second occurrence would be correct.
Relevance test: The articles "American presidents", "Washington" and "Jefferson" are almost certainly irrelevant to this vegetable. If there's a section in either article about one of the president's passion for gardening, and it adds to readers' understanding, perhaps a section-link might be appropriate. However, a link in the other direction might be more appropriate (Greengage within the "Jefferson" article).
"Adjacency: American presidents" and "George Washington" are jammed up against each other.
Well-known geographical term: "North America" is a well-known geographical entity, and WP:LINK says they should not normally be linked. "American colonies" (piped from "Colonial America") is a well-known entity; perhaps there is a more focused section there on domestic agriculture, although it's unlikely.
Chronological item: "18th century" is a chronological item—a huge one at that—and should not normally be linked.
As a result of his father's conflict with Uhtred and the Scottish king William the Lion, Donnchadh became a hostage of King Henry II of England.
As a result of his father's conflict with Uhtred and the Scottish king [[:en:William I of Scotland|William the Lion]], Donnchadh became a hostage of King [[:en:Henry II of England|Henry II of England]].
Hint
There's something awkward about one of these links; read the sentence aloud and think of the titles.
As a result of his father's conflict with Uhtred and the Scottish king [[:en:William I of Scotland|William the Lion]], Donnchadh became a hostage of [[:en:Henry II of England|King Henry II of England]].
Explanation
The generic "king", with a small k, is not part of the first compound title that is linked (as though, "the Scottish king, William the Lion"); but "King", with upper-case K, is part of the title "King Henry II of England": it is awkward to see part of the title black and part of it blue.
A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain to be eligible to vote in a publicelection. The vast majority of countries in the world have established a voting age, with the implication that those of an age lower than the chosen threshold lack the necessary capacity to independently decide how to cast a vote. The voting age is sometimes considered to be of such importance that it is set by constitutional provision.
The issue
Overlinking. Ask yourself how relevant each link is to increasing the understanding of this topic by most readers. Editors may differ as to the final solution.
A solution
A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain to be eligible to vote in a publicelection. The vast majority of countries in the world have established a voting age, with the implication that those of an age lower than the chosen threshold lack the necessary capacity to independently decide how to cast a vote. The voting age is often of such importance that it is set by constitutional provision.
Explanations
*The relevance test: The first four of the five linked items should probably not be linked ("law", "vote", "public" and "election"). If there is doubt, check the destination articles, which are far too general to assist all but readers who need an English dictionary at their side. "Public" was the stand-out useless link. We allowed the fifth link, to "Constitution", because it is more technical and less likely to be commonly understood as a concept (i.e., statute versus constitution). Some editors may not have linked it.
Adjacent links: "publicelection" ("[[:en:public|public]] [[:en:election|election]]"). Aside from the question of their relevance, the reader should not have to hover their cursor over this patch of blue to learn whether it is one or two links. WP:LINK says: "When possible, avoid placing links next to each other so that multiple links look like a single one,... Consider rephrasing the sentence, omitting one of the links, or using a more specific single link." However, we concede that sometimes it's very hard to avoid adjacency.
Suffix: Note the use of adjectival syntax in [[constitution]]al; you can always see this displayed in the edit mode. Such abbreviated syntax is easier to write and edit than the full piped version ([[constitution|constitutional]]), and is preferred to piping.
Through war, persecution and the introduction of infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, by 1833 the indigenous population dwindled to just 300.
The issue
Totally misleading pipes. You may need to click on the links to work out how to fix this. Fortunately, it's not yet a long sentence, so there's room for explanation.
A solution
Through the "Black War" between 19th-century European colonists and the indigenous people, the forced removal of those people beyond a "Black Line" drawn around European settlements and the introduction of infectious diseases to which they had no immunity, by 1833 the indigenous population had dwindled to just 300.
Explanations
This is a good example of the subtle interaction between wikilinking and prose. "War" and "persecution" are probably misleading, even in summary style. Readers should not have to hunt down the meaning by travelling to those "hidden" links. Now that these links are more explicit, readers are more likely to want to find out more by clicking on them.
More than [[:en:World War I casualties|15 million people]] were killed, making it one of the [[:en:list of wars and disasters by death toll|deadliest conflicts]] in [[:en:history|history]].
The issues
(1) Unusual, "cryptic" pipe; (2) overlinking.
Hint
"15 million people"—is there a slightly better part of the sentence you could use as the pipe to World War I casualties?
More than 15 million people [[:en:World War I casualties|were killed]], making it one of the [[:en:list of wars and disasters by death toll|deadliest conflicts]] in history.
Denver became outspoken in politics in the mid-1970s. In 1976, he campaigned for the election of Jimmy Carter, who became a close friend and ally. Denver was a supporter of the [[:en:Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], and a number of [[:en:Charitable cause|charitable]] causes for the [[:en:Environmentalism|environment]], the [[:en:homelessness|homeless]], the [[:en:poverty|poor]], the hungry, and the [[:en:HIV/AIDS in Africa|African AIDS crisis]]. He founded the charitable [[:en:Windstar Foundation|Windstar Foundation]] in 1976 to promote [[:en:sustainable living|sustainable living]]. His dismay at the [[:en:Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl disaster]] led to precedent-setting concerts in parts of [[:en:communism|communist]] [[:en:Asia|Asia]] and [[:en:Europe|Europe]].
The issues
(1) The linking of common words; (2) a misleading pipe-link; (3) underlinking.
A solution
Denver became outspoken in politics in the mid-1970s. In 1976, he campaigned for the election of Jimmy Carter, who became a close friend and ally. Denver was a supporter of the Democratic Party, and a number of charitable causes for the environment, the homeless, the poor, the hungry, and the African AIDS crisis. He founded the charitable Windstar Foundation in 1976 to promote sustainable living. His dismay at the Chernobyl disaster led to precedent-setting concerts in parts of communistAsia and Europe.
Denver became outspoken in politics in the mid-1970s. In 1976, he campaigned for the election of [[:en:Jimmy Carter|Jimmy Carter]], who became a close friend and ally. Denver was a supporter of the [[:en:Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], and a number of charitable causes for the environment, the homeless, the poor, the hungry, and the [[:en:HIV/AIDS in Africa|African AIDS crisis]]. He founded the charitable [[:en:Windstar Foundation|Windstar Foundation]] in 1976 to promote [[:en:sustainable living|sustainable living]]. His dismay at the [[:en:Chernobyl disaster|Chernobyl disaster]] led to precedent-setting concerts in parts of communist Asia and Europe.
Explanation
*"Jimmy Carter", the 1976 presidential candidate, probably needs to be linked, the more so because some readers will not be aware of his prominent role in US public life at the time.
Trivial dictionary-type links that drown out the important ones are "charitable", "environment", "homeless", "poor", probably "communist", and certainly the common geographical terms "Asia" and "Europe".
During this period, she used other [[:en:psychoactive drug|intoxicants]] and was a [[:en:alcoholism|heavy drinker]] throughout her career; her trademark beverage was [[:en:Southern Comfort|Southern Comfort]].
The issues
(1) Presumptuous piping (a serious matter of accuracy); (2) possibly common-enough terms not to require linking.
Hint
Is any information lost or introduced by the pipes? If so, this should be thought about carefully.
A solution
During this period, she used other psychoactive drugs and was a heavy drinker throughout her career; her trademark beverage was Southern Comfort.
Explanations
"Intoxicants" could be anything from magic mushrooms to cocaine; "psychoactive drugs", the link target, is more specific and should be explicit in the text. It is hardly an obscure term, so probably doesn't need linking here.
Heavy drinking is not necessarily alcoholism; Wikipedia could conceivably be sued for libel for the confusion in this pipe. Do be careful: check the sources, and if she was an alcoholic through her heavy drinking, explain it, probably without linking.
The link to "Southern Comfort" is probably necessary, even though it is clear from the context and the upper-case initials that it is a brand of alcoholic beverage. The target article does put the product into temporal context, and describes its taste and high alcohol content.
Smith's career was cut short by a combination of the Great Depression and the advent of "talkies", which spelled the end for vaudeville. While the days of elaborate vaudeville shows were over, Smith continued touring and occasionally singing in clubs. In 1929, she appeared in a Broadway flop called Pansy, a musical in which, the top critics agreed, she was the only asset.
The issues
(1) Again, the close relationship between the prose and the linking is at issue (the word for one link needs to be changed); (2) underlinking; and (3) probably one case of overlinking.
A solution
Smith's career was cut short by a combination of the Great Depression and the advent of sound films, which spelled the end for vaudeville. While the days of elaborate vaudeville shows were over, Smith continued touring and occasionally singing in clubs. In 1929, she appeared in a Broadway flop called Pansy, a musical in which, the top critics agreed, she was the only asset.
Explanations
Clearer linking word. "Talkies" is possibly a little informal for this context, and many readers will need to hit the link to find out what it means, which is undesirable. In any case, Talkies redirects to "Sound film", which is a much easier term for readers to understand: it should be used instead, and you can drop the quotation marks, since it's an obvious reference.
Underlinking. We chose to link Great Depression, although some editors may prefer not to, particularly in a densely linked passage. "Vaudeville" is a specific genre that is probably worth linking, unlike the well-known term "musical" (straight after the link to "Broadway theatre").
Goldberg performed the role of [[:en:Califia|Califia]], the radiant Queen of [[:en:Island of California|California]], for a theater presentation called ''[[:en:Golden Dreams|Golden Dreams]]'' at [[:en:Disney's California Adventure|Disney's California Adventure]], the second gate at the [[:en:Disneyland Resort|Disneyland Resort]], in 2000. The show, which explains the history of the [[:en:Golden State|Golden State]] ([[:en:California|California]]), opened on February 8, 2001.
The issues
What a mess. There are three issues: (1) one pair of links is "chained", and therefore only one of the pair needs to be linked; (2) there is one case of deceptive piping; (3) one link goes to a disambiguation page, which is bad practice.
A solution
Goldberg performed the role of Califia, the radiant Queen of the mythical Island of California, for a theater presentation called Golden Dreams at Disney's California Adventure, the second gate at the Disneyland Resort, in 2000. The show, which explains the history of California, "the Golden State", opened on February 8, 2001.
Goldberg performed the role of [[:en:Califia|Califia]], the radiant Queen of the mythical [[:en:Island of California|Island of California]], for a theater presentation called ''[[:en:Golden Dreams|Golden Dreams]]'' at [[:en:Disney's California Adventure|Disney's California Adventure]], the second gate at the Disneyland Resort, in 2000. The show, which explains the history of California, "the Golden State", opened on February 8, 2001.
Explanations
Chained links.Disney's California Adventure, needless to say, links to its location, "Disneyland Resort" in its first sentence. One link is quite sufficient if a reader wants to divert to these articles.
Deceptive piping. [[Island of California]] was reduced to a quite misleading pipe, [[:en:Island of California|California]]. By visiting the article, you'll see that it needs to be explained in the text here.
Bad redirect.The Golden State goes to a whole group of articles, and the reader will have a hard time working out the intended one. In fact, there's no article specifically for this nickname of California, and the state is so well-known it is hardly worth the dilution. Don't link; instead, clarify the meaning in the text.
Conclusion. The sentence looks visually tidier, the important links stand out more, and the confusion introduced by the links has been clarified.
Link tip. OK, here's the deal with popular culture articles: they typically need to link to the many items that refer to musical output (songs, tracks, albums), other musicians, and bands. It is therefore of great importance that common terms not be linked unless absolutely necessary, to avoid diluting these many valuable links. Unfortunately, articles on popular culture tend to indulge in the significant overlinking of trivial terms (I've seen "roses", "suicide", "divorce" and "high school" recently, which detracted from the useful links).
In popular culture articles, generally don't link these items:
American/US/U.S.; British/English/UK; Canada/Canadian; Ireland/Irish; Australia(n); New Zealand(er); France, Germany, Italy, Europe, China, India, Asia, etc.
New York (City); Los Angeles; London
actor/actress; comedian; singer(-songwriter); writer/author; film producer; record producer; television producer (and specify which, please); entrepreneur; businessman
