Neutralité du point de vue
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Wikipedia , Wiktionary , Wikibooks , Wikiquote , et Wikinews – mais pas Wikimedia Commons, Wikisource, Wikiversity , Wikivoyage, Wikispecies , ainsi que "backstage" projects , ou Meta – ont une politique de neutralité de point de vue stricte(NPOV). Cette politique stipule que leurs missions est de mieux servir, non pas en empiétant sur, ou en nuisant à des points de vue particuliers pour un sujet donné, mais en essayant de présenter une description juste et neutre des faits - y compris des diverses interprétations et points de vue existant. (Il y a toutefois des limites à ce que de tels points de vue puissent être mentionnés, en particulier quand ceci sont susceptibles d'être une source de conflit.) Cette politique existe dans toutes les langues des projets qui l'ont adoptées, mais les détails de cette politique varient considérablement d'un projet à l'autre et entre les différentes langues de chacun de ces projets.
Écrire dans un style neutre nécessite de reconnaître le fait que même les points de vue les plus largement répandus ou admit ne sont pas nécessairement les plus neutres d'un point de vu global.
Alors que la neutralité de point de vue est un objectif souverain dans la rédaction d'un article, elle est toutefois difficile à réaliser immédiatement si l'on est le seul rédacteur. Elle est donc parfois considéré comme faisant parti d'un processus itératif (comme l'est l'écriture des wiki en général), par lequel des points de vue opposés s'affrontent tant sur la forme que sur le fond pour finalement produire une description neutre acceptable par tous.
NPOV would not be possible without two features of MediaWiki: editors discuss; but only one page exists under a title. In other words, «(i) individuals interact directly to share information and convince each other, and (ii) they edit a common medium to establish their own opinions».
This might be viewed as an adversarial system, but hopefully a polite one. Editors are expected to approximate NPOV to the best of their ability and to welcome improvements that have been brought by others in good faith; a failure of the system can lead to an edit war , in which two or more parties dig in and refuse to compromise, instead reverting each other's changes outright.
The original formulation of NPOV
A general-purpose encyclopedia is a collection of synthesized knowledge presented from a neutral point of view. To whatever extent possible, encyclopedic writing should avoid taking any particular stance other than the stance of the neutral point of view.
A neutral point of view attempts to present ideas and facts in such a fashion that both supporters and opponents can agree. Of course, 100% agreement is rarely possible; there are ideologues in the world who will not concede to any presentation other than a forceful statement of their own point of view. We can only seek a type of writing that is agreeable to essentially rational people who may differ on particular points.
Some examples may help to drive home this point:
1. An encyclopedic article should not argue that a corporation is criminal, even if the author believes it to be so. It should instead present the fact that some people believe it, and what their reasons are; and then it should also present what the other side says.
2. An encyclopedia article should not argue that laissez-faire capitalism is the best social system. It should instead present the arguments of the advocates of that point of view, and the arguments of the people who disagree with that point of view.
Perhaps the easiest way to make your writing more encyclopedic is to write about what people believe, rather than what is so. If this strikes you as somehow subjectivist or collectivist or imperialist, then ask me about it, because I think that you are just mistaken. What people believe is a matter of objective fact, and we can present that quite easily from the neutral point of view.
— Jimbo Wales, Wikipedia founder, [1]
Voir aussi
- Can history be truly NPOV?
- en:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view, the English Wikipedia's definition of NPOV
- n:Wikinews:Neutral point of view, the English Wikinews definition of NPOV
- voy:Wikivoyage:Be fair, the Wikivoyage "be fair" is not quite the same as "be neutral"
- MeatBall:NeutralPointOfView
- Balkan NPOV page
- Megalomaniacal point of view
- Neutral point of view on Wikiquote
Notes
- ↑ Modeling Social Dynamics in a Collaborative Environment (2014). The opposite system is ViewPoint, where each revision (i.e. opinion) is given the same visibility and an unlimited number of versions of a page co-exist.